##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

Xylocarpus mekongensis commonly known as Poshur, is an evergreen mangrove plant originating from Asia, Indonesia, the Southwestern Pacific Islands, and northern Australia.  This study was aimed at compiling information on the comparative pharmacological properties of the methanolic bark extract of X. mekongensis and the fungal endophyte based on their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activity. The plant extract showed more phenolic (277 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (140 mg QE/g) content than the fungal extract (45 mg GAE/g and 76 mg QE/g, respectively). The bark extract exhibited better DPPH scavenging capacity (IC50 = 28.27 µg/ml) than endophyte XMSF-I (IC50 = 143.46 µg/ml) extract. Furthermore, we observed that the endophytes associated with this plant showed more significant antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, B. subtilis, and A. brasiliensis than its bark extract. In the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the bark extract and endophyte revealed diminutive lethality (214 and 286 µg/ml, respectively) in comparison with standard vincristine sulfate (0.44 µg/ml). Hence, methanolic bark extract showed more positive reviews than associated fungi.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

  1. Patra JK, Thatoi HN. Metabolic diversity and bioactivity screening of mangrove plants: a review. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 2011 Jul;33:1051-61.
     Google Scholar
  2. Azad S, Mollick AS, Setu FA, Khan NI. Stand structure, tree species diversity, and leaf morphological plasticity in Xylocarpus mekongensis Pierre among salinity zones in the Sundarbans, Bangladesh. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity. 2022 Sep 1;15(3):414-24.
     Google Scholar
  3. Bahadur B, Reddy KJ, Rao ML. Medicinal plants: an overview. Adv Med plants Univ Press Hyderabad. 2007.
     Google Scholar
  4. Das SK, Samantaray D, Thatoi H. Ethnomedicinal, antimicrobial and antidiarrhoeal studies on the mangrove plants of the genus Xylocarpus: a mini review. J. Bioanal. Biomed. 2014;12(004).
     Google Scholar
  5. Wilson D. Endophyte: the evolution of a term, and clarification of its use and definition. Oikos. 1995 Jun 1:274-6.
     Google Scholar
  6. Tan RX, Zou WX. Endophytes: a rich source of functional metabolites. Natural product reports. 2001;18(4):448-59.
     Google Scholar
  7. Conrado R, Gomes TC, Roque GS, De Souza AO. Overview of bioactive fungal secondary metabolites: Cytotoxic and antimicrobial compounds. Antibiotics. 2022 Nov 11;11(11):1604.
     Google Scholar
  8. Ahmed M, Hussain M, Dhar MK, Kaul S. Isolation of microbial endophytes from some ethnomedicinal plants of Jammu and Kashmir. J Nat Prod Plant Resour. 2012;2(2):215-20.
     Google Scholar
  9. Aziz A, Paul AR. Bangladesh Sundarbans: present status of the environment and biota. Diversity. 2015 Jul 10;7(3):242-69.
     Google Scholar
  10. Rahaman MS, Siraj MA, Sultana S, Seidel V, Islam MA. Molecular phylogenetics and biological potential of fungal endophytes from plants of the Sundarbans mangrove. Frontiers in microbiology. 2020 Nov 13;11:570855.
     Google Scholar
  11. Garcia A, Rhoden SA, Bernardi-Wenzel J, Orlandelli RC, Azevedo JL, Pamphile JA. Antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of endophytic fungi isolated from medicinal plant Sapindus saponaria L. Journal of applied pharmaceutical science. 2012 Oct 28;2(10):035-40.
     Google Scholar
  12. Sadhu SK, Okuyama E, Fujimoto H, Ishibashi M. Separation of Leucas aspera, a medicinal plant of Bangladesh, guided by prostaglandin inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Chemical and pharmaceutical bulletin. 2003;51(5):595-8.
     Google Scholar
  13. Nahar MN, Acharzo AK, Rahaman MS, Zabeen IA, Haque S, Islam MA. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant, analgesic, and anthelmintic effect of ethanolic extract of Merremia umbellate stems. Clinical Phytoscience. 2020 Dec;6(1):1-1.
     Google Scholar
  14. McDonald S, Prenzler PD, Antolovich M, Robards K. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of olive extracts. Food chemistry. 2001 Apr 1;73(1):73-84.
     Google Scholar
  15. Ribarova F, Atanassova M, Marinova D, Ribarova F, Atanassova M. Total phenolics and flavonoids in Bulgarian fruits and vegetables. JU Chem. Metal. 2005;40(3):255-60.
     Google Scholar
  16. Ahmed A, Labu Z, Dey S, Hira A, Howlader M, Hossain M, Roy J. Phytochemical screening, antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of different fractions of Xylocarpus mekongensis Bark. Ibnosina Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. 2013 Aug;5(04):206-13.
     Google Scholar
  17. Amenu D. Antimicrobial activity of medicinal plant extracts and their synergistic effect on some selected pathogens. American Journal of Ethnomedicine. 2014;1(1):18-29.
     Google Scholar
  18. Vanhaecke P, Persoone G, Claus C, Sorgeloos P. Proposal for a short-term toxicity test with Artemia nauplii. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 1981 Sep 1;5(3):382-7.
     Google Scholar
  19. Sleet RB, Brendel K. Improved methods for harvesting and counting synchronous populations of Artemia nauplii for use in developmental toxicology. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 1983 Oct 1;7(5):435-46.
     Google Scholar
  20. Korbut O, Bučková M, Labuda J, Gründler P. Voltammetric detection of antioxidative properties of flavonoids using electrically heated DNA modified carbon paste electrode. Sensors. 2003 Jan 24;3(1):1-0.
     Google Scholar
  21. Barmana AK, Murshida GM, Saifuzzamana M, Mahaldara K, Bojićc M, Biswasa NN. Study of antioxidant potential, and quantification of major polyphenols in Leonurus sibiricus L. leaves using HPLC. Pharmacol. 2017 Apr 30;17:55-67.
     Google Scholar
  22. Patel RM, Patel SK. Cytotoxic activity of methanolic extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus against A549, Hela and MCF-7 cell lines. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2011 Sep 30(Issue):167-71.
     Google Scholar
  23. Grever MC, Chabner BA. Cancer drug discovery and development. Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. 2001;1.
     Google Scholar
  24. Islam MS, Al Mansur MA, Rakhi SA, Sarkar MR, Kuddus MR, Ahmed F. Antioxidant, thrombolytic, cytotoxic and antibacterial activities of leaves of Vitex peduncularis. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 2022 Dec 25;57(4):239-46.
     Google Scholar